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The presence of PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) in biosolids is drawing increased attention nationwide, and in particular across the agricultural sector. Biosolids—nutrient-rich byproducts of wastewater treatment—are widely used by farmers to improve soil health and support crop growth. However, recent evaluations have raised questions about the long-term environmental behavior of PFAS compounds, often characterized as persistent in soil and water.

Biosolids are often applied to farmland to provide nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, along with organic matter that improves soil health. Their low cost makes them an attractive alternative to commercial fertilizers. Application methods—such as surface spreading or injection—are timed to crop cycles and managed to prevent overuse and runoff.

As PFAS conversations grow, some states are reevaluating biosolids regulations, and farmers are increasingly testing soils and reviewing biosolid sources. Maine is currently the only state to outright ban land application of biosolids containing PFAS. Connecticut has also passed legislation that prohibits the sale and use of PFAS-containing biosolids and wastewater sludge as soil amendments, which effectively acts as a de facto ban on land application. Other states are also exploring alternative disposal and treatment technologies.

Farmers and agricultural companies alike are responding by reviewing the sources of biosolids used on land, conducting soil and water testing, and considering mitigation strategies. Emerging technologies—such as thermal treatment and advanced filtration—are being studied for their potential to reduce PFAS levels before land application.

As regulatory discussions continue, the agricultural industry is actively engaging with environmental agencies, researchers, and industry partners to better understand the implications, working with regulators and researchers to ensure their safe and sustainable use. The shared goal is to maintain the benefits of biosolids in sustainable farming while responsibly managing emerging contaminants.

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